Previous Year Question

Solar Energy is a Renewable Energy source obtained from the Sun and is considered an environmentally friendly source of clean energy. A Solar Photovoltaic System (PV) converts sunlight directly into electrical energy. This process does not involve Combustion, so no direct emissions of air pollutants such as Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Nitrogen Oxides (NOₓ), or Particulate Matter occur during electricity generation.

Solar Photovoltaic Cells generally use Semiconductor materials such as Silicon. When Photons from sunlight strike these materials, electrical current is generated through the Photovoltaic Effect. Solar energy is used for electricity generation, Solar Water Heating, agricultural irrigation, lighting, and various domestic and industrial applications. It helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and limit greenhouse gas emissions.

Nuclear Energy generates heat through the Nuclear Fission of heavy atoms such as Uranium, which is used to produce electricity. Nuclear power plants do not directly emit CO₂ or major air pollutants during normal operation, but they generate Radioactive Waste. Special arrangements are required for its safe storage and disposal. In contrast, combustion of Petroleum and Coal can release CO₂, SO₂, NOₓ, and fine particles, contributing to air pollution, Acid Rain, and Climate Change.

Solar Energy cannot be considered an energy source with absolutely zero environmental impact. Solar panels require Silicon, glass, and metals, whose extraction, processing, and manufacturing consume energy and resources. Improper disposal of old panels can also create environmental problems. Therefore, the overall environmental impact of solar energy depends on its entire Life Cycle. Nevertheless, Solar Photovoltaic Systems produce no direct air pollution during operation, and their life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions are generally substantially lower than those of fossil fuel-based electricity generation.