Previous Year Question

Biodiversity represents the Genetic Diversity, Species Diversity, and Ecosystem Diversity of organisms within a particular region. Among the most widespread threats to biodiversity is Habitat and Vegetation Destruction. Deforestation, urbanization, mining, road construction, and agricultural expansion destroy natural habitats. Consequently, organisms face shortages of food, shelter, breeding sites, and other essential resources, which may reduce their populations and increase the risk of Extinction.

Habitat Fragmentation divides natural habitats into smaller, isolated patches. For example, roads, dams, or human settlements constructed within extensive forest areas may disrupt connectivity between wildlife populations. This affects animal movement, reproduction, and Gene Flow between populations. Small, isolated populations may experience reduced genetic diversity and increased Inbreeding. Tigers, elephants, and other wide-ranging animals are particularly affected by habitat fragmentation.

Unsustainable Agricultural Practices also affect biodiversity. Excessive application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, Monoculture, and overexploitation of land can harm soil organisms, Pollinators, and other species. Climate Change alters temperature, precipitation, and habitat conditions, affecting species distribution and reproduction. Similarly, Water Pollution can cause aquatic mortality, Eutrophication, and oxygen depletion. All these factors represent important threats to biodiversity.

According to the 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report, Land-use Change has been the most influential direct driver of nature loss in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems since 1970. Globally, the five major direct drivers of changes in nature are Land- and Sea-use Change, Direct Exploitation of Organisms, Climate Change, Pollution, and Invasive Alien Species. Protecting natural habitats, undertaking Ecological Restoration of degraded areas, and conserving Wildlife Corridors are important measures for the long-term protection of biodiversity.