Previous Year Question
Which of the following temples is considered as a wonder of rock-cut architecture?
Brihadisvara Temple, Tanjavur
Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneshwar
Kailash Temple, Ellora
Kandaria Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho
Correct Answer: C
Detailed Solution
The Kailasa Temple, located at Ellora in Maharashtra, is a remarkable example of Indian rock-cut architecture. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, it is situated in Cave No. 16 of the Ellora complex. It was constructed during the 8th century CE under the patronage of the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I (approximately 756–773 CE).
The temple's distinguishing feature is its monolithic construction. Instead of being built by assembling stone blocks, it was excavated from a massive basalt rock, working from the top downward. The main shrine, mandapas, Nandi pavilion, extensive courtyard, and sculptures were carved directly from the original rock. This construction technique makes it an extraordinary achievement of Indian rock-cut architecture.
The walls of the Kailasa Temple contain sculptures depicting episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, along with various representations of Shiva. The sculpture portraying Ravana attempting to lift Mount Kailasa is particularly famous. Ellora contains 34 major caves associated with Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain traditions. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.
Among the other options, the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was constructed by the Chola ruler Rajaraja I around 1010 CE in the Dravidian style. The Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar dates to the 11th century and is a prominent example of Kalinga architecture. The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho was built during the Chandela period in the 11th century and represents the Nagara style. These three are constructed structural temples, whereas the Kailasa Temple was excavated directly from rock.