Previous Year Question
Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I | List-II |
A. Cooperative Federalism | 1. K.C. Wheare |
B. Bargaining Federalism | 2. Ivor Jennings |
C. Quasi Federalism | 3. Morris-Jones |
D. Federalism with Centralising Tendency | 4. Granville Austin |
Codes:
A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
Correct Answer: C
Detailed Solution
A. Cooperative Federalism — Granville Austin (4)
Granville Austin described the Indian federal system as Cooperative Federalism.
According to this concept, alongside the constitutional division of powers between the Centre and the States, cooperation is also necessary to achieve common objectives.
The Indian Constitution provides separate legislative and administrative powers for the Centre and the States, but both levels of government must work together on many national and developmental matters.
B. Bargaining Federalism — Morris-Jones (3)
Morris-Jones used the concept of Bargaining Federalism to describe the Indian federal system.
It emphasises the role of negotiation and adjustment between the Centre and the States on resources, powers and policy matters.
Under this concept, federalism is not limited to the formal constitutional division of powers; political and administrative negotiations also play an important role in Centre-State relations.
C. Quasi Federalism — K.C. Wheare (1)
K.C. Wheare described the Indian Constitution as a Quasi-Federal system.
His description was associated with the federal features of the Indian Constitution and the relatively extensive powers granted to the Centre.
The Indian Constitution divides legislative powers between the Centre and the States. At the same time, residuary legislative powers belong to Parliament, and the Constitution also provides special Central powers for emergency situations.
D. Federalism with Centralising Tendency — Ivor Jennings (2)
Ivor Jennings described the Indian federal system as a federation with a strong centralising tendency.
This concept is associated with the federal structure of the Indian Constitution alongside the special powers granted to the Centre.
For example, under Article 249, Parliament may acquire the power to legislate on matters in the State List in the national interest. During a National Emergency, Article 250 also empowers Parliament to legislate on subjects in the State List.
Thus, the Indian Constitution provides for the constitutional position of States alongside the expansion of Central legislative powers under certain special circumstances.