Previous Year Question

Diclofenac is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) that was used in veterinary practice to reduce pain and inflammation in livestock.

The problem arose when an animal treated with Diclofenac died and its carcass was consumed by vultures. Diclofenac residues remaining in the animal's tissues entered the vultures' bodies and produced severe toxic effects. The Government of India has identified veterinary Diclofenac as a major cause of the steep decline in vulture populations.

Diclofenac can cause kidney failure in vultures. This interferes with the elimination of Uric Acid, causing Uric Acid crystals to accumulate on internal organs. This pathological condition is known as Visceral Gout and can lead to the death of the bird.

Its impact was particularly severe on Gyps vultures. Government assessments have reported declines of more than 90% in populations of White-backed, Long-billed and Slender-billed vultures in many parts of India.

India banned veterinary use of Diclofenac. Subsequently, restrictions were also imposed on large multi-dose vials of Diclofenac meant for human use because they were being misused for veterinary treatment.

Current Status: Along with controlling veterinary Diclofenac, the Government has promoted safer alternatives. Recent Government information identifies Meloxicam and Tolfenamic acid as veterinary alternatives considered safe for vultures.