Previous Year Question

(A) Optimum Population Theory — Edwin Kennan (3)

According to the Optimum Population Theory, the optimum population of a country is the level at which available resources, capital and technology can produce the maximum per capita output or income. Below the optimum level, resources may remain underutilised, while population beyond the optimum level can increase pressure on resources available per person.

(B) Social Mal-adjustment Theory — Henry George (4)

Henry George associated population problems not merely with excessive numbers of people but with social and economic maladjustment. In his approach, unequal distribution of land and wealth and inequalities embedded in social institutions were important causes of poverty and deprivation.

(C) Demographic Transition Theory — Thompson (1)

The early systematic formulation of the Demographic Transition Theory is associated with Warren Thompson. The theory explains how, with economic and social development, societies generally move from a condition of high birth rates and high death rates towards low birth rates and low death rates.

During the intermediate stage, death rates decline first while birth rates remain high for some time, causing rapid population growth. Birth rates subsequently begin to decline as well.

(D) Population-Food Supply Relationship Theory — Malthus (2)

According to Malthus, unchecked population tends to grow in geometrical progression, whereas food supply tends to increase in arithmetic progression. This creates the possibility of an imbalance between population and the means of subsistence.